Essay on Examining the Possible Causes of the Cold War

The causes of the Cold War and how it developed into one of the largest unarmed struggles in history have been subject to much debate and consequently a number of schools of thought have developed as to the origins of the Cold War. These proposed explanations to the causes of the Cold War have consisted of the orthodox, revisionist and post-revisionist theories. Each theory demonstrates a different viewpoint as to how a variety of political, economic and militaristic factors instigated the Cold War The Cold War was the political, social, economic and militaristic struggle between communism and capitalist participated in primarily by the communist Soviet Union and the capitalist USA and their respective allies from approximately 1947†¦show more content†¦This expansionism developed between 1945 and 1953. The Soviet Union installed communist governments in many of the nations that had been controlled by Germany during the war including East Germany and Poland, and in 1947 attempted to install a communist government in Greece, while from 1950-1953 was funding communist North Korea in their war to integrate the south into a united communist state. In light of these aggressive and expansionist policies, the USA could not allow the USSR to disrupt the geopolitical balance of the world and was forced to intervene against the Soviet Union, which is where, according to the orthodox theory where one of the major causes of the Cold War lies. Lenin illustrated the incompatibility of the Soviets and the US’s respective ideologies when he wrote-â€Å"†¦as long as capitalism and socialism exist we cannot live in peace; in the end one or the other will triumph†¦.† The USA was capitalist while the Soviet Union was communist and each state had a strong belief in the superiority of it own ideology. Stalin’s paranoia led to the Soviet Union believing that capitalism was determined to destroy the USSR and communism. The Orthodox theory states that this clash of ideologies brewed mistrust and hostility between the superpowers and contributed in part, to the Cold War The Revisionist Explanation holds the view that the cause of the Cold War can be attributed to US expansionism, both economically and militaristically. TheShow MoreRelatedAnti-Communism in America867 Words   |  4 Pagesideologies and its possible spread in the world. As a result, the ideological war period known as the â€Å"Cold War† was developed. With the end of World War II, the USA emerged with a renewed sense of confidence as they believed that their role in the Allie alliance was a key factor when defeating their enemy powers. It was not long, however, before ironically, this alliance between USA and USSR would be the cause for rising tensions in the world. It can be suggested that the rise of Cold War tensions ledRead MoreCauses of the Cold War Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"It is clear that fear, greed and revenge were the major factors that caused the Cold War† How far do you agree with this statement when analyzing the causes of the Cold War up to 1 949? The responsibility of the origins of the Cold War often triggers questions among historians yet both powers should be blamed for taking part in it. The origins of the Cold War can often be associated with fear, greed and revenge. Through most analyses, the fault was often given to Stalin’s ambitions to expandRead MoreWhy China Won t Overtake The United States Authored By Stephen G. Brooks1697 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussion During the â€Å"duck and cover† era of the cold war when people in the US worried about Russian mushroom clouds and an ensuing tank invasion of Europe, we know that the two true ‘hot wars’ of the cold war both took place in Asia, the war in Korea and the war in Vietnam. While both undeniably included the clandestine involvement of the Soviet Union, history tells us that both of those conflicts were at the very least logistically, if not directly, proxy wars with Communist China. In fact, due to theRead MoreFour approaches to the political economy development of Latin America1734 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy of the economic development of Latin America: Hegemonic Stability, Dependency, Class Analysis and Neoliberalism. The need for a more accurate theoretical framework, [than modernism] to analyze and interpret the causes for development and underdevelopment, and a possible way of explaining the unrelenting poverty of the underdeveloped countries gave rise to the Dependency Theory. Under the umbrella of this theory is the acknowledgement that the nation-state forms part of an InternationalRead MoreHarry Truman857 Words   |  4 PagesAssess the validity of this statement by examining the Foreign Policy implemented during Truman’s presidency. At the end of the Second World War two major issues were brought to attention. The first was dealing with the destruction of the global catastrophe. The second issue involved the shape of the new world and what political alliances were to be made. And although the U.S. and Russia were â€Å"allies† during the war the second issue was the foremost cause of the contention between the world’s twoRead MoreThe War Of The Soviet Union1524 Words   |  7 PagesKorean airliner being shot down by the Russians. I remember the German kid who flew a single-engine plane to Red Square in Moscow. I remember that my parents didn t let me watch The Day After. I remember prime-time news specials describing the Star Wars missile defense. But as a kid, I didn t know the real significance of any of this stuff, and of course many of the details were classified at the time. This book covers all that and more, and it s fascinating to go back and read what was going onRead More World War I Ess ay1474 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I:Total War Europe since pre-Roman times has been marked by conflict. Warring tribes often did battle in small skirmishes and hand-to-hand combat. But as the civilizations grew and technology improved the battles became larger and much more intense. With the Industrial revolution, warfare would change forever. This can be best seen in World War One. The â€Å"war to end all wars† gradually escalated to a global conflict, dragging the super powers into a four year struggle. World WarRead MoreU.s. National Security Strategy1382 Words   |  6 Pages The Way Ahead for American and Iranian Relations: Engaging in a Cold War Over the past 37 years, Iran has become one of the most complex and stubborn national security strategy issues that the United States has had to deal with. Once a key U.S. ally in the region, Iran is now a chief protagonist. To complicate matters, recently, the U.S. has found itself simultaneously an adversary and a quasi-ally of Iran. An example of this duality would be: on one hand, Iran has provided support to terroristRead More The Historiography of the Origins of the Cold War Essay2691 Words   |  11 PagesHistoriography of the Origins of the Cold War There have been many attempts to explain the origins of the Cold War that developed between the capitalist West and the communist East after the Second World War. Indeed, there is great disagreement in explaining the source for the Cold War; some explanations draw on events pre-1945; some draw only on issues of ideology; others look to economics; security concerns dominate some arguments; personalities are seen as the root cause for some historians. So wideRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb On Japan5502 Words   |  23 Pageson August 9th, 1945 was the first and last time the weapon has been used to date; the atomic explosions exposed the true potential of nuclear warfare whilst also highlighting the global superiority that America possessed at the conclusion of World War II. On August 6th, 1945 â€Å"Little Boy†, a uranium atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in an effort by the United States (U.S.) and backed by the Soviet Union, the British and the Chinese to force a Japanese surrender. However, American intelligence suggested

Develop Health and Safety and Risk Management Policies, Free Essays

Legislative frameworks for Health and Safety and risk management within our work setting include: ?The Health and Safety at work Act 1974. This is in place to ensure that all people are kept safe at work or entering a workplace. We have the Health and Safety policy in place to protect all people. We will write a custom essay sample on Develop Health and Safety and Risk Management Policies, or any similar topic only for you Order Now The staff are given a copy and this is reviewed to ensure that the nursery if keeping within the guidelines. ?Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981. This is to make sure that all staff has access to first aid within the workplace. At Roselodge we have a first aid kit on each floor and the kitchen. This is checked regularly by the Health and Safety Officer to keep the stock correct. ?Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995. This is in place to give settings responsibility for reporting any injuries and illnesses to the HSE or local authority. Any of these are reported within the nursery and we ensure that accident forms are completed correctly and that everyone is aware of the illnesses and exclusion periods. Control of Substance Hazardous to Health (COSHH) 2002. This is to ensure that workplaces minimise the risk of substances being hazardous to health. This is covered within the Health and Safety policy and all staff are made aware of the substances and how to correctly store these around the nursery. We have COSHH reports in case of an emergency with any of the COSHH products within the nursery. ?Data Protection 1998. This is to ensure that all personal information is kept safe and confidential. We have a confidentiality policy in place which all staff are made aware of. This is a written policy and reviewed. All information stored on paper is locked away and electronic information is password protected. ?Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992. This is to keep people safe and be provided with the appropriate protective clothing when dealing with a situation that could cause cross infection, free of charge. ?Food Safety Act 1990, Food Hygiene Regulations 2006. This is to ensure that risks with food handling are minimised. Food Safety policy is written and people are made aware. Hygiene facilities are available through-out the nursery and procedures are adhered to at all times. Staff dealing with food has attended training on Food Safety. Children Act 1989, Children Act 2004. This sets boundaries and gives help to local authorities so that they can regulate official intervention in the interest of children. We ensure that the children are kept safe and any concerns are deal with appropriately and efficient. Our setting has over 5 employees and to keep with the Health and Safety Act 1974 we have written policies in place and people are made aware. We review these annually or more regular if needed. We have recently updated the policies to come in line with the Early Years Statutory Framework. We have risk assessments that are reviewed annually or if an incident occurs then more regularly. It is stated within the staff contract and job description that all must comply with the written Health and Safety policies in place. The staff are regularly updated on Health and Safety in the staff meetings. All staff follow the procedures and if there is a case that they do not then it could be a risk of losing their job or causing injury to themselves or others. HSE inspectors can enter the workplace at any time. If finding a problem or breach of the law is made, then we would need to follow the HSE Enforcement Policy statement: ?Informal – minor incident. We would be advised to comply with the law and be given written confirmation with the legal requirement and the best practice advice. ?Improvement notice – served when a serious breach of the law has been committed. The inspector discusses the improvement notice and clarifies the issues. Notice will be given and that will state what issue is, when it needs to be completed and why it has been served. 21 days is given to remedy or time for the workplace to go to an industrial tribunal if they wish ?Probation notice – situation which could be a risk to serous personal injury. The issue will be immediately halted and job stopped and the staff will not be able to carry this out again until the issue has been rectified. Risk assessment and risk management are essential within a childcare setting. It is important for all involved to be aware of how to minimise risk and control risk, this supports the children to then be able to assess and take controlled risk within the workplace. These assessments are completed and reviewed annually, new risk assessments are made when necessary. Health and Safety checks are completed daily at the start and end of the nursery day. If any risks or hazards are highlighted, these are dealt with immediately or the hazard is removed so not to cause an injury to anyone in the workplace. It is essential that all staff are aware of how to control risk and understand how to support risk taking safely. This is done in house training and discussions also through external courses. How to cite Develop Health and Safety and Risk Management Policies,, Essays

Entrepreneurship Dedication and Competitive

Queston: Discuss about theEntrepreneurship for Dedication and Competitive. Answer: Introduction Entrepreneurship is referred to as the ability to create and controlling any business initiative of its own, which include the objective of making a profit. To become a successful entrepreneur an individual should have some common features which include confidence, determination, creativity, passion, dedication, competitive, flexibility and discipline (Eckhardt and Shane, 2013, pp.160). It is an essential factor for any country to cope up the pace with aspirants, in the long run of the global market competition. For being a successful entrepreneur and run any new business smoothly, it is further essential to have funding support, and ability to make effective decisions (Shepherd, 2015, pp.489). A successful entrepreneur should always try to learn from the failures of others and do those things rightly to avoid any further mistakes. A successful entrepreneur should have the capability and courage to take risk for a new business venture. Though the risk taken may succeed or fail, but t his should not change the determination of entrepreneur (Bridge and O'Neill, 2012). Scope of the Report The present discussion about an entrepreneur makes us remind about a very renowned female entrepreneur named Jodie Fox. She is the co-founder and chief creative officer of Shoes of Prey, a footwear company from Australia. She started Shoes of Prey in the year 2009 along with her friends Michael Fox (Co-founder and co-chief executive officer of Shoes of Prey) and Mike Knapp (Co-founder and co-chief executive officer of Shoes of Prey). Being a student of advertisement and law, Jodie, later on, decided to be an entrepreneur and opened her shoe company. Jodie has a great sense of style, and she uses this style statement to her passion by creating fashionable and trendy heels for women worldwide (Feagins, 2014). History of Jodie Fox As discussed Jodie Fox comes from a background of law and advertising. But she decided to move out of her field her do something new according to her passion. Being in the area of advertisement and law, Jodie possesses an outstanding communication skill which Jodie uses in her enterprise. Besides having a great communication skill, she has a good sense of style, and this can be seen in the shoes of the brand. As an independent entrepreneur, she plays various roles which are (i) product development which includes technological implementation in latest design (ii) public relation to frame accurate relationship between clients and merchandised corporate (iii) promoting the brand at global level by virtue of her personality, networking and communication skill (Schwerdt, 2015). She has been awarded many times for her brilliant performance towards her brand (Shoes of Prey). In the year 2014, she received the award for best entrepreneurs among Australian retailers and that her success trail also results in fetching top Australian female entrepreneur award in 2015. Her success as an entrepreneur is reflective by her dream of becoming international business women since her young life stage. Her competency level and learning skills are attributed to her strong commitment towards developing a problem-solving approach and that her business is inspired by legacy to make better shoe shopping platform for women. The problem-solving approach in this success trail is attributed to the inclusion of latest product requirement by customers, using the latest technology, important pricing strategy, and focusing on RD for innovation in retailing style (Keskin, 2011). Above all, her business attitude and excellent communication style are responsible for her present success profile. According to her, there is always a scope of further improvement for any type of field particularly in an outfit like shoes. Role of Family and Friends Jodie started the business set up along her husband (Michael Fox) and a common friend (Mike Knapp). These three entrepreneurial friends were all set to establish a new company by leaving their respective careers and utilised all their resources for the new start up. Her family provided her full support and strength throughout her journey to become an entrepreneur and even her friend circle too supported and encouraged her credentials. In the initial stage of her life to become an entrepreneur, both her family as well as her husband supported her mentally and financially (Bishop, 2014). In the initial days, her relationship with her husband is unclear but eventually it turned out to be in dry condition. On the other hand, her personal life never affected her professional life by keeping her personal disturbance away (Smith, 2014, pp.219). Business Type and Competitive Advantage Jodie Fox along with her two co-founders Michael Fox and Mike Knapp dreamed of building an online retail business. Jodie was doing law, whereas her two pals were in Google. Her passion of becoming an international business woman and her friends idea of online gave birth to a footwear company - Shoe of Prey (Feagins, 2014). By trade, she is finance and banking lawyer and had also been in the field of the advertisement; but her passion was something else. Her vision to design heels for women worldwide and bring a change in the world of footwear. She was really particular about her shoes and designed her personal shoes. Her friends liked her collections and motivated to design shoes for them. All this encouraged and inspired her to follow her passion and dream of opening a footwear retail shop and becoming an independent entrepreneur (Bishop, 2014). Jodies idea of creating a footwear company helped her gain competitive advantage from another entrepreneur. Jodies company is one of the best and demanding womens footwear shops all over the world. Her designs were unique and remarkable, which attracts every womans eye. Her sense of style can be clearly seen in her shoes, which are very trendy and classy. For the satisfaction and demand of the customer, she believes in manufacturing custom-based-design and then shipping it to that particular customer (Feagins, 2014). Being a successful entrepreneur, she never compromised with the quality and quantity of her products. All these factors provide a competitive advantage over another entrepreneur (Leadership Expert, 2016). Future Prospective Apart from designing the footwear for women, Jodie should try some other women accessories which may include handbags, clothing, and make-up accessories (Smith, 2014, pp.219). She needs to use her creativity, innovation and styling sense in other products and not limits it only in footwear. Her customers will be benefited if they will be provided all the styling accessories under one roof, and apparently, this will help her to expand her business. Her creativity can also be used in some other home decor accessories, which can again attract her female customers (Short, Toffel and Hugill, 2014, pp.14). She has her retail store in US other than Australia; so she needs to open some new stores in other parts of the world to compete in the global market. Different Possibilities Required for her Business Development The above mentioned section details the business strategy and visionary rationale of Jodie which in turn is responsible for her success. In the present section, a futuristic analysis is presented based on the technological implementation, which are suitable for the current business form and is believed to be helpful in making progress as well as development of company in future system. Payroll system should be initiated in Jodies company for smooth transaction of her employees payment as it reduces the error in accounting. This will also be helpful in managing account, information transaction, and automated update to the routine work procedure. Another important prospect is related to data and information management that are valuable according to current practice of e-commerce. Since, her business is an online retail business, she should use cloud computing to manage the e-commerce and reduce the internet traffic. This will also offer smooth transaction of information and manages the information flow to customer, supplier, collaborators, and other external associates of the business (Figueiredo, Costa and Aparicio, 2012, pp.45). Managing accounting and routine operation is also critical for the whole business run. In order to handle the market research activity of the organisation, Jodie should adopt the ERP system to handle the business practice like controlling m anufacture, accounting, and managing orders. This ERP system will help her business by increasing functional efficiency and competitiveness (Figueiredo, Costa and Aparicio, 2012, pp.45). For the logistics management of her business, ICT (Information and communication Technologies) should be used. For any business (especially online business) which involves a delivery process by transporters and transport service providers, ICT is very much needed for them (Majchrzak, Markus and Wareham, 2016, pp.267). Conclusion Jodie Fox is a successful as well as a confident entrepreneur, who knows the right procedure to manage her business towards success. Indeed, apart from being the co-founder of an e-commerce company, she also shares a unique modish style which is a clear reflection in her shoes. Jodie is the inspiration for women all over the world to follow your passion and fulfilling it until success is achieved. For being a successful entrepreneur, she possesses all those traits like vision, creativity, correct intuition and impressing others. To work and develop new ideas and innovation, she prefers a creative, energetic, and an open-spaced environment. References: Bishop, J. C., 2014. ovet my coffee table: with Shoes of Prey co-founder Jodie Fox. Retrieved from https://theinteriorsaddict.com/covet-my-coffee-table-with-shoes-of-prey-co-founder-jodie-fox Dated 04 Sep 2016. Bridge, S. and O'Neill, K., 2012. Understanding enterprise: entrepreneurship and small business. Palgrave Macmillan. Eckhardt, J.T. and Shane, S.A., 2013. Response to the commentaries: The individual-opportunity (IO) nexus integrates objective and subjective aspects of entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), pp.160-163. Feagins, L, 2014. Jodie Fox of shoes of prey. Retrieved from https://thedesignfiles.net/2014/03/interview-jodie-fox-of-shoes-of-prey/ Dated 04 Sep 2016. Figueiredo, R., Costa, C.J. and Aparicio, M., 2012, June. Information aggregation in an entrepreneurship portal. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Open Source and Design of Communication (pp. 45-50). ACM. Keskin, C., 2011. Cihan Keskin BUSP01 Business Plan Theoretical Reflections-Being an immigrant entrepreneur in Sweden. Retrieved from https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/search/publication/2004323 Dated 04 Sep 2016. Leadership Expert, 2016. Entrepreneur raises $15.5 million but investor more interested in commenting on her looks. Retrieved from https://www.leadership.expert/entrepreneur/entrepreneur-raises-15-5-million-but-investor-more-interested-in-commenting-on-her-looks/ Dated 04 Sep 2016. Majchrzak, A., Markus, M.L. and Wareham, J., 2016. Designing for Digital Transformation: Lessons for Information Systems Research from the Study of ICT and Societal Challenges. MIS Quarterly, 40(2), pp.267-277. Schwerdt, B., 2015. Secrets of Online Entrepreneurs: How Australia's Online Mavericks, Innovators and Disruptors Built Their Businesses... And How You Can Too. John Wiley Sons. Shepherd, D.A., 2015. Party On! A call for entrepreneurship research that is more interactive, activity based, cognitively hot, compassionate, and prosocial. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(4), pp.489-507. Short, J.L., Toffel, M.W. and Hugill, A., 2014. Monitoring the monitors: How social factors influence supply chain auditors. Harvard Business School Technology Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper, pp.14-032. Smith, L., Thomas, E., McGarty, C. and Gavin, J., 2014. Becoming the change: Integrating norms and identities through social interaction: Symposium: New Communication Technologies, Social Identity and Group Processes. In General Meeting of the European Association of Social Psychology 2014 (p. 219).

Luis Torres Essays - Music, Culture, African-American Culture, Fads

Luis Torres Dr. Ray Gehani Globalization and Outsourcing of U.S Industry 04/23/2017 Globalization and Outsourcing of Music in U.S Globalization of markets also means globalization of culture and Americanization. An example can be observed in the music industry. Since the creation of hip-hop in the 1980's, rap music has extended to other cultures around the globe. From South Africa to Japan, hip hop has made a universal impression. Many rap artists from the United States confess that a substantial amount of their music is actually purchased in other countries. So much so that, the overseas sales frequently surpass the amount of music bought domestically. This stimulates World Tours, touring places like Germany, Puerto Rico, and Australia. Around the world, various nationalities are also rapping to beats that reflect their culture. Punjabi MC is a DJ out of London of Indian descent who makes music with a different spin. His music often encompasses instruments and sounds that are reminiscent of India and Bollywood and has also collaborated with renowned American rappers such as Jay Z. Not only do American performers try to make it in the music business, brilliant men in Nigeria, Cuba, and Brazil have done so as well. "American hip hop music coursed the cultural corridors of the planet and has been captivated and reinvented around the globe", (Nawotka, 2004). Some claim that hip hop has become prevalent on a global scale because many people relate to the music. African-americans in New York shaped rap to what it is today, using it as a way to express their struggles at the time. Often rappers express their adversities, challenges, and issues with poverty. Rappers also oust their feelings about corruption, the government, and racial inequality. As a culturally oppressed people, other societies identify with these feelings of oppression expressed by African Americans. "Hip hop is something Americans take for grantednot so elsewhere, especially in the developing world, where it has come to represent the empowerment of the disenfranchisement of the American dream", (Nawotka, 2004). As a result, globalization and Americanization has impacted other countries across the world. Globalizing markets means that different cultures and societies will be oppressed and disenfranchised. Rappers in Nigeria also rap about their struggles with poverty. T hrough American hip hop, artist around the world use music as a way to express themselves, relating with the want for liberty and social equality. Americanization is an effect that is presently dispersing throughout the developed world. It is especially observed in music where most industrialized countries are moved and affected by the hip hop singularity. Although rap was created in America by Americans, many people around the globe have picked up on this art and changed the music to reflect their culture, or rap to an American beat in their native language.

SAT Score Chart Raw ScoreConversionto Scaled Score

SAT Score Chart Raw ScoreConversionto Scaled Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You may be wondering how your SAT score is determined. Where does that score of 200-800 on each section of the SAT come from? What does your SAT score mean? Or, maybe you're familiar with the concept of raw scores, but you don't know how your raw score is converted into a scaled score. Hopefully, this article will answer your questions and clear up any confusion. In this post, I'll clarifythe difference between raw scores and scaled scores and provide charts that show theSAT raw score conversion to scaled score. Furthermore, I'll explain why the data from these SAT score charts can be helpful to you in your SAT preparation. What Is a Raw Score? Your raw score for each section is calculated from the number of questions you answered correctly and incorrectly. For every question you answer correctly on the SAT, you receive one point. For every question you answer incorrectly on the SAT, you receive minus  ¼ point, with the exception of grid-ins in the Math section, for which you receive zero points for wrong answers. For every question you skip on the SAT, you receive zero points. The maximum raw score varies for each section. For Critical Reading, there are 67 questions; therefore, the max raw score is 67. For Math, there are 54 questions; the max raw score is 54. For Writing, there are 49 questions and 1 essay. The maximum multiple-choice raw score is 49 and the maximum essay score is 12. What Is a Scaled Score? The scaled score is the score from 200-800 you receive on each section of the SAT. Your scaled score is determined from the raw score through a process that the College Board calls equating. Equating â€Å"ensures that the different forms of the test or the level of ability of the students with whom you are tested do not affect your score. Equating makes it possible to make comparisons among test takers who take different editions of the test across different administrations.† Therefore, your scaled score is not dependent on the difficulty of the test or the skill level of the students who take your edition of the test. The College Board doesn’t release its formula for equating, but it does periodically release scoring charts to convert raw scores to scaled scores. The scoring charts change slightly for each edition of the test, but they remain somewhat consistent. Why Is This Data Important? How Can It Help You? From your target scaled score, you can get a rough idea of how many questions you need to answer correctly on each section to reach your goal. For example, if you want to get a 750 on Critical Reading, you need to get a raw score of about 62. Therefore, you can only get about 4 questions wrong or omit 5 questions to reach your target score.Having this knowledge can inform your guessing and study strategies. If you’re aiming for a 600, focus on the easy and medium level difficulty questions. To get a 600 in Reading, you only need a raw score of about 46 out of 67. This means that you can skip 12 questions, get 7 wrong, and still get a 600. Therefore, if your target score is a 600, don’t waste time on the most difficult, time-consuming questions. You can skip the hardest 20% of questions and still reach your target score. Also, you'll see that the math curve is very harsh. For most tests, you have to answer every single question correctly to get an 800. Finally, the essay has a big impact on your Writing score. It counts for almost â…“ of your Writing score. If you get a multiple-choice raw score of 45 and an essay score of 12, your scaled score is about a 760. If you get the same raw score, but an essay score of 7, your scaled score is about a 670. If you can master the SAT essay, you’ll be well on your way to reaching your Writing goal. Raw Score to Scaled Score Conversion Charts Belowis a sample SAT conversion chart released by the College Board. Remember that SAT scorecharts change for each edition of the test, but the changes are usually not that drastic. For example, a raw score of 46 in Math converted to a scaled score of 660 on the January 2010 and 2011 editions of the SAT. However, in May 2011 and 2009, a 46 in Math converted to a 680. Critical Reading Raw Score Scaled Score 2014 Percentile 67 800 99 66 800 99 65 800 99 64 790 99 63 770 99 62 760 99 61 740 98 60 730 97 59 720 96 58 700 96 57 690 95 56 680 94 55 670 92 54 670 92 53 660 91 52 650 90 51 640 89 50 630 86 49 620 84 48 620 84 47 610 82 46 600 80 45 600 80 44 590 78 43 580 75 42 570 73 41 570 73 40 560 70 39 550 67 38 550 67 37 540 64 36 530 61 35 530 61 34 520 57 33 520 57 32 510 54 31 500 51 30 500 51 29 490 48 28 480 44 27 480 44 26 470 41 25 460 37 24 460 37 23 450 35 22 440 31 21 440 31 20 430 28 19 420 25 18 410 22 17 410 22 16 400 19 15 390 17 14 380 15 13 380 15 12 370 13 11 360 11 10 350 9 9 340 8 8 330 7 7 320 5 6 310 5 5 300 4 4 290 3 3 270 2 2 260 2 1 240 1 0 220 1 -1 210 1 -2 or below 200 Charts are fun. Math Raw Score Scaled Score 2014 Percentile 54 800 99 53 790 99 52 760 97 51 740 96 50 720 95 49 710 94 48 700 93 47 690 92 46 680 90 45 670 89 44 660 87 43 650 86 42 640 84 41 640 84 40 630 82 39 620 80 38 610 77 37 600 75 36 590 73 35 590 73 34 580 71 33 570 68 32 560 66 31 550 62 30 540 59 29 540 59 28 530 56 27 520 53 26 510 50 25 500 46 24 490 44 23 480 41 22 480 41 21 470 37 20 460 34 19 450 31 18 440 28 17 430 25 16 420 22 15 420 22 14 410 19 13 400 17 12 390 15 11 380 13 10 370 11 9 360 9 8 350 8 7 330 6 6 320 5 5 310 4 4 290 2 3 280 2 2 260 1 1 240 1 0 220 1- -1 200 -2 and below 200 Charts are really fun. Writing Essay Score Raw Score 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 49 800 800 800 790 770 750 740 720 710 700 680 670 48 800 800 780 760 740 720 710 690 680 670 650 640 47 790 770 760 740 720 700 690 670 660 640 630 620 46 770 750 740 720 700 680 670 650 640 630 610 600 45 760 740 720 710 690 670 650 640 630 610 590 580 44 740 730 710 700 670 660 640 620 610 600 580 570 43 730 720 700 680 660 640 630 620 600 590 570 560 42 720 700 690 670 650 630 620 600 590 570 560 550 41 710 690 680 660 640 620 610 590 580 560 550 540 40 700 680 670 650 630 610 600 580 570 550 540 530 39 690 680 660 640 620 600 590 570 560 550 530 520 38 680 670 650 630 610 600 580 560 550 540 520 510 37 670 660 640 630 610 590 570 550 540 530 510 500 36 660 650 630 620 600 580 560 550 530 520 500 490 35 660 640 620 610 590 570 550 540 530 510 490 480 34 650 630 620 600 580 560 550 530 520 500 490 480 33 640 620 610 590 570 550 540 520 510 490 480 470 32 630 620 600 580 560 540 530 510 500 490 470 460 31 620 610 590 580 550 540 520 500 490 480 460 450 30 610 600 580 570 550 530 510 500 480 470 450 440 29 610 580 570 560 540 520 500 490 480 460 440 430 28 600 580 570 550 530 510 490 480 470 450 440 430 27 590 570 560 540 520 500 490 470 460 440 430 420 26 580 570 550 530 510 490 480 460 450 440 420 410 25 570 560 540 530 500 490 470 450 440 430 410 400 24 560 550 530 520 500 480 460 450 430 420 400 390 23 560 540 520 510 490 470 450 440 430 410 390 380 22 550 530 520 500 480 460 450 430 420 400 390 380 21 540 520 510 490 470 450 440 420 410 390 380 370 20 530 520 500 480 460 440 430 410 400 390 370 360 19 520 510 490 480 460 440 420 410 390 380 360 350 18 520 500 480 470 450 430 410 400 390 370 350 340 17 510 490 480 460 440 420 410 390 380 360 350 340 16 500 490 470 450 430 410 400 380 370 360 340 330 15 490 480 460 450 430 410 390 370 360 350 330 320 14 490 470 450 440 420 400 380 370 360 340 320 310 13 480 460 450 430 410 390 380 360 350 330 320 310 12 470 460 440 420 400 380 370 350 340 330 310 300 11 460 450 430 420 400 380 360 350 330 320 300 290 10 460 440 420 410 390 370 350 340 330 310 290 280 9 450 430 420 400 380 360 350 330 320 300 290 280 8 440 430 410 390 370 350 340 320 310 300 280 270 7 430 420 400 390 360 350 330 310 300 290 270 260 6 420 410 390 380 360 340 320 310 290 280 260 250 5 410 400 380 370 350 330 310 300 280 270 250 240 4 400 390 370 360 340 320 300 290 270 260 240 230 3 390 380 360 350 330 310 290 280 260 250 230 220 2 380 370 350 330 310 290 280 260 250 240 220 210 1 370 350 340 320 300 280 260 250 240 220 210 200 0 350 340 320 300 280 260 250 240 220 210 200 200 -1 330 320 300 290 270 250 230 220 200 200 200 200 -2 310 300 280 270 250 230 210 200 200 200 200 200 -3 310 290 280 260 240 220 210 200 200 200 200 200 Writing Scaled Score 2014 Percentile 800 99+ 790 99 780 99 770 99 760 99 750 98 740 98 730 98 720 97 710 96 700 96 690 95 680 94 670 93 660 92 650 91 640 89 630 88 620 86 610 84 600 82 590 80 580 78 570 76 560 74 550 71 540 68 530 65 520 62 510 59 500 56 490 53 480 49 470 46 460 42 450 39 440 35 430 32 420 29 410 25 400 22 3901 19 380 17 370 14 360 12 350 10 340 8 330 7 320 6 310 5 290 4 280 3 270 3 260 2 250 2 240 2 230 1 220 1 210 1 200 What's Next? Now that you've seen the SAT score chart, find out what's considered a good and bad SAT score. Also, find out how many questions you can miss to get a perfect SAT score. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Correcting Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement

Correcting Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement Here we will practice applying one of the most basic and yet also most troublesome rules of grammar: in the present tense, a verb must agree in number with its subject. Put simply, this means that we have to remember to add an -s to the verb if its subject is singular and not to add an -s if the subject is plural. Its really not a hard principle to follow as long as we can identify the subject and verb in a sentence. Lets have a look at how this basic rule works. Compare the verbs (in bold) in the two sentences below: Merdine sings the blues at the Rainbow Lounge. My sisters sing the blues at the Rainbow Lounge. Both verbs describe a present or ongoing action (in other words, they are in the present tense), but the first verb ends in -s and the second one doesnt. Can you give a reason for this difference? Thats right. In the first sentence, we need to add an -s to the verb (sings) because the subject (Merdine) is singular. We omit the final -s from the verb (sing) in the second sentence because there the subject (sisters) is plural. Remember, though, that this rule applies only to verbs in the present tense. As you can see, the trick to following the basic principle of subject-verb agreement is being able to recognize subjects and verbs in sentences. If thats giving you a problem, try reviewing our page on the Basic Parts of Speech. Here are four tips to help you apply the principle that a verb must agree in number with its subject: TIP #1 Add an -s to the verb if the subject is a singular noun: a word that names one person, place, or thing. Mr. Eko drives a hard bargain. Talent develops in quiet places. TIP #2 Add an -s to the verb if the subject is any one of the third-person singular pronouns: he, she, it, this, that. He drives a minivan. She follows a different drummer. It looks like rain. This confuses me. That takes the cake. TIP #3 Do not add an -s to the verb if the subject is the pronoun I, you, we, or they. I make my own rules. You drive a hard bargain. We take pride in our work. They sing out of key. TIP #4 Do not add an -s to the verb if two subjects are joined by and. Jack and Sawyer often argue with each other. Charlie and Hurley enjoy music. So, is it really that simple to make subjects and verbs agree? Well, not always. For one thing, our speech habits sometimes interfere with our ability to apply the principle of agreement. If we have a habit of dropping the final -s from words when we talk, we need to be particularly careful not to leave off the -s when we write. Also, we have to keep a certain spelling rule in mind when adding -s to a verb that ends in the letter -y: in most cases, we need to change the y to ie before adding the s. For example, the verb carry becomes carries, try becomes tries, and hurry becomes hurries. Are there exceptions? Of course. If the letter before the final -y is a vowel (that is, the letters a, e, i, o, or u), we simply keep the y and add -s. So say becomes says, and enjoy becomes enjoys. Finally, as we see in our page on Tricky Cases of Subject-Verb Agreement, we have to be particularly careful when the subject is an indefinite pronoun or when words come between the subject and verb.

Reimbursement and Pay-for-performance paper Essay

Reimbursement and Pay-for-performance paper - Essay Example This information is provided by physicians, medical groups or even hospitals since they are in constant touch with the clients of these health insurance and some of them are also clients. The compensation depending on the agreed terms may be in form of elimination of payments and other non-financial incentives (Greenwald, 2010). Reimbursement works on a fee-for-service initiative where the physicians are paid according to the services they offer and not the quality of those services. Since this is not the original pay for the physician but rather a reimbursement, the number of needed services may not be provided (especially if there is no reimbursement or it is not much). This has in turn led to undersupply of the needed services by the clients when compared to the pay-for-performance approach. The pay-for-performance approach requires evidence of the services offered which should be quality services before any incentive of compensation is made (which may be financial or not). This new approach has overridden the reimbursement approach and is seen to be more client-concerned than the earlier approach. The physicians also have no alternative but to work towards providing the quality services that they were not concerned about earlier. Even though the reimbursement approach is not being faced-away by the pay-for-performance approach, those who are paying are allowed to choose between the two approaches and most are going for the latter considering its advantages over the former approach. This therefore means that the reimbursement approach is slowly but surely failing and becoming out of touch. The new pay-for-performance approach is also seen as a way to correct the distortions incentives that have and are continuing to be made by the reimbursement approach. This is because the reimbursement approach pays physicians double for the services they render which are even not of quality at times. The newer approach is

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 38

Case Study Example The budget the manager intends to submit for the financial year is $4,900,000 which exceeds the expected expense by $700,000. Submitting a budget higher than the expected cost to be incurred is a misuse of the power and authority vested in the management position. This is taking advantage of the position to mismanage public funds which is not ethical at all. Public officers are expected to conduct themselves in an ethical manner encouraging transparency in carrying out their duties. Submitting of a budget higher than the expected costs equals betrayal of the public trust in the role of the management in the city’s waste management. Furthermore, submitting a higher budget will strain the city’s finances especially with the reduction in tax collections. As a result, the city may not have enough funds to process waste in the near future. Inadequate fund in the future will mean that not all the waste is processed thus causing pollution to the environment. Therefore, submitting a higher budget will seem good in the short run to manage the department but with long term effects that may paralyze the operations of the department. Though the manager expects a cut on the budget by 10%, this does not justify the increase in the budget from $4,200,000 to $4,900,000. That is an increase of $700,000 which is way above the expected increase. Given that the total cost of the department will amount to $4200000, reducing it by 10% will amount to reduction of: The manager does not justify for the excess amount of $280,000 after the expected reduction of 10% by the city controller. Lack of accountability for this amount creates loopholes for corruption. By having submitted a higher budget, the department will rarely take back any excess amount since the manager does not want to disclose their actions. This results in misuse of public funds. Moreover, the expectation of increased cost of labor and the amount of waste is not enough reason also for the inflation of the budget

Sherman Alexie Essay Example for Free

Sherman Alexie Essay At any given time in life, we can be described as belonging to any number of categories or tribes based on the roles we value and the areas where we focus the most attention. A few of my personal tribes include: the tribe of creative expressionists, the tribe of college students, and lastly, the tribe of young adults longing to find their place in the world. The first tribe I describe myself as belonging to is the tribe of creative expressionists, which thrive in areas of self expression and creativity. I draw because words are too unpredictable. I draw because words are too limited (Alexie 5). I sometimes find it difficult to express and understant the emotions I feel raging inside. In these moments, I enjoy experimenting with vibrant splashes of paint across a canvas or dark scrawling into a notebook to better understand or cope with these feeligns. I relish being able to question why things work the way that they do, and the freedom to add my personal insights into a situation in order to come up with creative solutions. Being boxed-in or pushed into conventional methods of systematic processes is arduous and boring to me. Instead, I enjoy being able to question why things work the way they do, and being able to add my own personal insights in a situation to help come up with creative solutions. In some ways, I am not always practical in the ways I approach a situation, preferring to rest upon somethings potential, rather than seeing the raw reality of what it actually is I am an idealist to the core, and sometimes find it difficult to let go of the ideals in my mind, in favor of compromising to reach a realistic solution. Another tribe I belong to is one of college students pursuing an education. Oddly enough, after doing poorly my first semester in the fall of 2007, I had written off pursuing a degree. I studied under a couple of missionaries who were affiliated with Harvest Bible College, but never completed any official courses. Instead, my focus was on finding purpose and meaning in relationship with Christ and wrestling through what it means to be a true disciple of Jesus. After moving back home with my mom, and helping her enroll in courses, I began to feel the tug on my heart to consider going back myself. With no clear idea of what degree I would even want to pursue, I kept putting off enrollment. Soon, my aunt was diagnosed with stage 4 lung cancer and began a downward spiral in the winter of 2010. At that time, I focused all my energy on prayer for my family, but also in researching natural science and asking important questions about how and why the body does what it does. I became engrossed with the nuances of human anatomy, disease, and the importance of understanding what we are feeding our bodies. I am passionate about sharing my own journey of discovery with others along the way, and I believe have found something worth working towards for the future! As I am finishing up the last prerequisite courses, I am hoping to enter into the nursing program at Fort Scott Community College in Paola, this fall. Lastly, I belong to the tribe of young (some not-so-young) adults searching for a place of identity in the world. Where are my talents and passions most effective? Where am I most needed; in what areas of life do I find purpose and value? Arent we all searching to find fulfillment and peace of mind? Personally, I believe that it is only after we have learned to let go of the reigns and to truly surrender our demand for control, that the Lord meets us with His perfect provisioning. In my life, a scripture that I have learned to find my identity in is written in Jeremiah, which says, For only I know the plans I have for you, plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future. Then you will call on me and pray to me, and I will listen to you. You will seek me, and find me when youve sought with all your heart. I will be found by you! declares the Lord. A friend of mine recently admitted that it was with a heart of half-dread that she had prayerfully submitted to Gods heart for her life, whatever it looked like. She was afraid that in doing so, the Lord would uproot her four children and have them move to a far-away land to do missions. How amazed she was to find that His mission for her life was not in searching out far-away lands, but in reaching far-away hearts, right where He had placed her. Even before she had asked, He had prepared the way for His hand to come forth in her life! She has found such purpose and contentment in life what a rich blessing! How amazing can our lives be, when we surrender our own ideas of what it must look like, and ask for His design. I believe He places dreams and desires within our hearts, that we will truly enjoy the work He puts before us, if only we are willing to wait for His perfect direction!

Les Demoiselles d?Avignon Essay -- Essays Papers

Les Demoiselles d?Avignon As strolled through New York City?s Museum of Modern Art , one particular painting grabbed me , shook me , then through me to the ground to contemplate its awesome power. Like a whirlwind of art , Les Demoiselles d?Avignon , by Pablo Picasso , sent my emotions spinning. I felt extremely uncomfortable glancing at it , let alone staring at it closely for twenty minutes. The raw sexuality and tension that Les Demoiselles d?Avignon radiated was absolutely overwhelming yet very confusing. Other art lovers in the room also expressed discomfort as they glanced at the enormous 96x92 inch painting. Most people would only allow quick glances in between long stares at the more typical paintings on the other walls. I even heard one girl remark ?it?s so gross!!? in a nervous and uncertain voice. I had to know why Les Demoiselles d?Avignon was doing this to me and the others in the room. Les Demoiselles d?Avignon was the product of an irritated and restless Pablo Picasso. In 1906 , Picasso began to tire of painting in the fairly traditional manner that governed his paintings up to Les Demoiselles d?Avignon. His solution was to revolutionize painting.1 Why was Picasso unsatisfied with traditional painting? Essentially Picasso?s overall dissatisfaction for sticking with anything for a long period caused him to take up the difficult quest of revolutionizing painting. He was known to constantly change the styles and mediums through which he created his art. Andre Salmon, a poet and friend Picasso, was once quoted as accusing Picasso of ?trying to force his friends to speculate on the whole problem of art every time they took a brush in their hands.? 2 This quote is very telling of Picasso?s need to change and solve artistic problems. In 1906 he abandoned the painting traditions that stretched all the way back to the Renaissance , and began Les Demoiselles d?A vignon. Les Demoiselles d?Avignon was the product of intense study. The comments of Salmon , shed light on the intensity of the project; ?....He became uneasy , He turned his canvases to the wall and threw down his paintbrushes. For many long days and nights , he drew....Never was labor less rewarded with joy , and without his former youthful enthusiasm Picasso undertook a large canvas that was intended to be the fruit of his experiments.? 3 Every aspect o... ...ing is an enemy!.....the fetishes were weapons. To help people avoid coming under the influence of spirits again , to help them become independent.......I understood why I was a painter....Les Demoiselles d?Avignon must have come to me that very day , but not at all because of the forms ; because it was my first exorcism painting-yes absolutely!? 15 Picasso used Les Demoiselles d?Avignon to free himself from what the world had told him was absolute. Les Demoiselles d?Avignon mocks and teases the faith that people put into their ignorance of the unknown. Picasso?s Les Demoiselles d?Avignon continues to challenge a shake people to this day. Bibliography: John Richardson , A Life of Picasso volume 2 1907-1917 (New York : Random House Press 1996) 15. Arriana S. Huffington , Picasso:Creator and Destroyer . (New York : Simon and Schulster , 1988) 89. Marie-Laurie Berndac and Bouchet , Picasso: Master of the New Idea . (New York , Abrams , 19 Kirk Varnedoe , Response to Les Demoiselles d?Avignon. (http://www.moma.org/docs/collection/paintsculpt/c40.htm , 1997) George H. Hamilton , Painting and Sculpture in Europe 1800-1940 . (New Haven : Yale U. Press 1993) 46-47 Les Demoiselles d?Avignon Essay -- Essays Papers Les Demoiselles d?Avignon As strolled through New York City?s Museum of Modern Art , one particular painting grabbed me , shook me , then through me to the ground to contemplate its awesome power. Like a whirlwind of art , Les Demoiselles d?Avignon , by Pablo Picasso , sent my emotions spinning. I felt extremely uncomfortable glancing at it , let alone staring at it closely for twenty minutes. The raw sexuality and tension that Les Demoiselles d?Avignon radiated was absolutely overwhelming yet very confusing. Other art lovers in the room also expressed discomfort as they glanced at the enormous 96x92 inch painting. Most people would only allow quick glances in between long stares at the more typical paintings on the other walls. I even heard one girl remark ?it?s so gross!!? in a nervous and uncertain voice. I had to know why Les Demoiselles d?Avignon was doing this to me and the others in the room. Les Demoiselles d?Avignon was the product of an irritated and restless Pablo Picasso. In 1906 , Picasso began to tire of painting in the fairly traditional manner that governed his paintings up to Les Demoiselles d?Avignon. His solution was to revolutionize painting.1 Why was Picasso unsatisfied with traditional painting? Essentially Picasso?s overall dissatisfaction for sticking with anything for a long period caused him to take up the difficult quest of revolutionizing painting. He was known to constantly change the styles and mediums through which he created his art. Andre Salmon, a poet and friend Picasso, was once quoted as accusing Picasso of ?trying to force his friends to speculate on the whole problem of art every time they took a brush in their hands.? 2 This quote is very telling of Picasso?s need to change and solve artistic problems. In 1906 he abandoned the painting traditions that stretched all the way back to the Renaissance , and began Les Demoiselles d?A vignon. Les Demoiselles d?Avignon was the product of intense study. The comments of Salmon , shed light on the intensity of the project; ?....He became uneasy , He turned his canvases to the wall and threw down his paintbrushes. For many long days and nights , he drew....Never was labor less rewarded with joy , and without his former youthful enthusiasm Picasso undertook a large canvas that was intended to be the fruit of his experiments.? 3 Every aspect o... ...ing is an enemy!.....the fetishes were weapons. To help people avoid coming under the influence of spirits again , to help them become independent.......I understood why I was a painter....Les Demoiselles d?Avignon must have come to me that very day , but not at all because of the forms ; because it was my first exorcism painting-yes absolutely!? 15 Picasso used Les Demoiselles d?Avignon to free himself from what the world had told him was absolute. Les Demoiselles d?Avignon mocks and teases the faith that people put into their ignorance of the unknown. Picasso?s Les Demoiselles d?Avignon continues to challenge a shake people to this day. Bibliography: John Richardson , A Life of Picasso volume 2 1907-1917 (New York : Random House Press 1996) 15. Arriana S. Huffington , Picasso:Creator and Destroyer . (New York : Simon and Schulster , 1988) 89. Marie-Laurie Berndac and Bouchet , Picasso: Master of the New Idea . (New York , Abrams , 19 Kirk Varnedoe , Response to Les Demoiselles d?Avignon. (http://www.moma.org/docs/collection/paintsculpt/c40.htm , 1997) George H. Hamilton , Painting and Sculpture in Europe 1800-1940 . (New Haven : Yale U. Press 1993) 46-47

Trends in Indian Rainfall

National Climate Centre Research Report No: 2/2006 Trends in the rainfall pattern over India P. Guhathakurta and M. Rajeevan National Climate Centre India Meteorological Department PUNE. INDIA 411005 [email  protected] gov. in Abstract Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall time series of 36 meteorological sub-divisions of India were constructed using a fixed but a large network of about 1476 rain-gauge stations. These rainfall series are thus temporally as well as spatially homogenous. Trend analysis was carried out to examine the long-term trends in rainfall over different sub divisions.Also monthly contributions of each of the monsoon months to annual rainfall in each year were computed and the trend analysis was performed. It has been found that the contribution of June, July and September rainfall to annual rainfall is decreasing for few sub-divisions while contribution of August rainfall is increasing in few other subdivisions. 1 1. Introduction In the context of climate chang e, it is pertinent to ascertain whether the characteristics of Indian summer monsoon also is changing.The Indian summer monsoon (June to September) rainfall is very crucial for the economic development, disaster management, hydrological planning for the country. Earlier, Mooley and Parthasarathy (1984), Parthasarathy et al. (1993), Parthasarathy et al. (1994), constructed all India rainfall series based on 306 uniformly distributed stations. They have also used area weighted method to calculate all India rainfall using rainfall data of the 306 districts outside the hilly regions like Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Hills of west Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, Bay Islands and Arabian Sea Island.Presently this time series is updated by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune (www. tropmet. res. in) and this rainfall time series was extensively used by many researchers. At present there are more than 500 districts in the country. Using only 306 raingauge s tations, it may not be possible to represent all the districts and prepare district-wise rainfall climatology. All the districts are having geographical area more than 100 square km (except Andaman and Nicobar Islands). Only one station in the district may not produce reliable district rainfall climatology as rainfall is highly variable (WMO, 1983).Spatial homogeneity cannot be achieved with one or two stations in a district. Long term trends of Indian monsoon rainfall for the country as a whole as well as for smaller regions have been studied by several researchers. Most of the studies are based on the rainfall series constructed by Parthasarathy et al. (1994). They have found that the monsoon rainfall is without any trend and mainly random in nature over a long period of time, particularly on the all India time scale (Mooley and Parthasarathy, 1984). But on the spatial scale, existence of trends was noticed by Parthasarathy (1984) and Rupa Kumar et al. (1992).Parthasarathy (1984) found that the monsoon rainfall for the two subdivisions viz. sub-Himalayan West Bengal & Sikkim and the Bihar Plains are having decreasing trends while for the four sub- 2 divisions viz. Punjab, Konkan & Goa, West Madhya Pradesh and Telangana are having increasing trends. Using the network of 306 stations and for the period 18711984, Rupa Kumar et al. (1992) identified the areas having decreasing and increasing trends of monsoon rainfall. The past performances of the monsoon rainfall may give an indication of the future scenario. But in order to do so we should also understand the climatology in a better way.The construction of a homogeneous rainfall data series (spatially as well as temporally) was the first step in this study. India Meteorological Department (IMD) has a good network of rain gauge stations. From the vast data set archived at the National Data Centre, IMD, Pune, a network of 1476 rain-gauge stations was selected which have only 10% or less missing years of data. To construct a homogeneous data series for the complete data period of 1901-2003 missing period of the observatory data are replaced by the neighboring state rain-gauge data and vice versa. Fig. (a) shows the plot of the 1476 stations used for the study while Fig. 1 (b) show the plot of 306 stations used by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology for construction of homogeneous rainfall data (Parthasarathy 1984). Clearly, the network considered in this study is more uniformly spaced and temporally homogeneous, which can be used for analyzing the spatial and temporal variability in a better way. 2. Construction of homogeneous data series To prepare a homogenous rainfall time series, we have selected 1476 rain- gauge stations having maximum data availability during the period 1901-2003.Data for these stations are available for at least 90% of the years considered for this study (1901-2003). However, if some data was found missing for a particular station, the data gap was filled up by the rainfall data of a neighboring rain-gauge station. We have considered 458 districts for the present analysis. Each of these 458 districts of the country has two or more representing stations. First of all, the district rainfall is calculated as the arithmetic average of rainfall data of stations in the district. Thus, the rainfall data series was constructed as spatially and temporally homogeneous. Rainfall for the meteorological subdivisions (36) was calculated as the area weighted rainfall of the districts within the meteorological sub divisions. 3. Rainfall Over the country as a whole All India monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall series were constructed based on the area weighted rainfall of all the 36 meteorological subdivisions of the country. The results are given in Table 1. The mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation are also given in the same Table. Mean (1901-2003) rainfall of July is 286. 5 mm, which is the highest and contributes 24. % of annual r ainfall (1182. 8 mm). The August rainfall is slightly lower and it contributes 21. 2% of annual rainfall. June and September rainfall are almost similar and they contributes 13. 8 % and 14. 2 % of annual rainfall respectively. The mean south-west monsoon rainfall (877. 2 mm) contributes 74. 2 % of annual rainfall (1182. 8 mm). Contribution of pre-monsoon rainfall and post-monsoon rainfall in annual rainfall is mostly the same (11%). Coefficient of variation is higher during the months of November, December, January and February. Fig. shows the comparison of the IITM southwest monsoon season (June-September) rainfall series with the rainfall series constructed in this study. The correlation coefficient between these two series is found to be very large, 0. 97. The mean seasonal rainfall of IITM series is 844. 5 mm whereas the men value of this time series is 877. 2 mm. The high mean value of the present series is because of the consideration all the 36 meteorological subdivisions, in cluding hilly regions. The standard deviation and coefficient of variability for the IITM series are 81. mm and 9. 6% and the same for the present time series are 71. 0 mm, 8. 1% respectively. Coefficient of variation of the present time series is smaller compared to IITM time series. 4. Epochal patterns of Indian summer monsoon rainfall It is well known that Indian summer monsoon rainfall displays multi-decadal variations in which there is a clustering of wet or dry anomalies (Pant and Kumar, 1997). To examine the epochs of above and below normal rainfall, 31-year running means of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) was calculated to isolate low 4 requency behavior. These epochs of above and below normal rainfall are shown in Figure 4. Rainfall was above normal for nearly forty years from 1930s to 1960s. To understand the epochal behavior of rainfall series for different monsoon months, we have also calculated 31-year running means of each of the monsoon months (Figure 5). It is seen that epochal behavior of July and September rainfall is almost similar to that of monsoon seasonal rainfall. In August, the above normal or positive phases started from the middle of 1950s and continued till to the end.Both June and August rainfall are in positive phase in the recent decades while July and September rainfall are in the negative phase. Fig. 6 shows the decadal means of all India summer monsoon rainfall anomalies. The alternating sequence of multi-decadal periods having frequent droughts and flood years are clearly noticed in Fig. 6. We can delineate (i) 1901-1930 dry period (ii) 1931-60 wet period (iii) 1961-90 Dry period (iv) 1991-2020 (possibly) Wet period. Earlier studies by Pant and Kumar(1997) using the data series of Parthasarathy et al. 1994) also found the similar results of 30 years of alternating sequences of dry and wet period. The Table 2 shows the decadal mean, frequencies of drought and flood years. The deficient or excess monsoon years are defined for those years where monsoon rainfall percentage departures from the mean rainfall are less or more than the standard deviation (8. 1% of mean). In the decade 1911-20, there were four deficient and three excess years. During the dry period of 1901-30, we had eight deficient years and three excess years. During the next three decades of wet period, we had three deficient years and five excess years.In the dry period of 1961-90, there were seven deficient years and four excess years. Also during the period of 1901-2003, number of deficient years (19) is more than the number of excess years (13). Fig. 7 shows a similar picture for each of the four monsoon months. Except for the decade 1921-30, behavior of July rainfall was almost similar to that of monsoon seasonal rainfall. During the decade 1921-30, in spite of high contribution from July, seasonal rainfall became negative because of high negative contribution of June and August rainfall. Decadal variability is more in June where a lternating equence of wet and dry periods are seen on almost every decade. Coefficient of variability of July (12. 3%) and August (12. 0%) rainfall are also less compared to June (18. 1%) and September (19. 1%) rainfall. 5 5. Trends in All India monsoon rainfall Fig. 8 shows the All India monsoon seasonal rainfall series as percentage departure from long period average. The series was subjected to a ‘low- pass filter’ in order to suppress the high frequency oscillations. The weights used were nine point Gaussian probability curve (0. 01, 0. 05, 0. 12, 0. 20, 0. 24, 0. 20, 0. 12, 0. 5, 0. 01). It is clearly seen that no linear trend exists in this series. We have also used linear regression technique and the ‘Students t’ test for testing if there is any significance in the trend. All India summer monsoon rainfall as well the rainfall during the four monsoon months do not show any significant trend. 6. Trends in Sub-divisional rainfall It is interesting to se e that for the country as a whole, the all India monsoon rainfall and monthly rainfall for the monsoon months do not show any significant trend. But there can be large variations in the regional scale.In order to study the secular variations of regional rainfall we have then carried out the trend analysis for the monthly rainfall series of June, July, August, and September and also for the season as a whole for all the 36 subdivisions. The results are shown in Fig 9, which shows significant and remarkable variations on the regional scale. We have analyzed July and August rainfall, which contributes major portion of monsoon seasonal rainfall. We find in July, six subdivisions have shown decreasing trends and eight subdivisions have increasing trends. In August, four (ten) subdivisions have decreasing (increasing) trends for August rainfall.We have considered all the cases of 99%, 95% and 90% levels of statistical significance. June rainfall has shown increasing trend for the western and southwestern parts of the country whereas decreasing trends are observed for the central and eastern parts of the country. But July rainfall has decreased for most parts of the central and peninsular India but increased significantly in the northeastern parts of the country. August rainfall has increased significantly (at 95% significance level) for the subdivisions Konkan & Goa, Marathwada, Madhya Maharashtra, Vidarbha, West M.P. , Telangana and west U. P. September rainfall is increasing significantly (at 95% level of significance) in Gangetic West Bengal and decreasing significantly (at 90% level of significance) for 6 the sub-divisions Marathwada, Vidarbha and Telangana. Fig. 10 shows the trends in southwest monsoon rainfall (in mm in 100 year) for each of the 36 subdivisions. Different levels of significance are shaded with colours. During the season, three subdivisions viz. Jharkhand (95%), Chattisgarh (99%), Kerala (90%) show significant decreasing trends and eight subdiv isions viz.Gangetic WB (90%), West UP (90%), Jammu & Kashmir (90%), Konkan & Goa (95%), Madhya Maharashtra (90%), Rayalseema (90%), Coastal A P (90%) and North Interior Karnataka (95%) show significant increasing trends. In order to examine further, whether the contribution of each month’s rainfall in the annual rainfall shows any significant trend, we have prepared a time series of contribution of rainfall for each month towards the annual total rainfall for each year in percentages. Trend analyses are carried out for each month and for all the 36 subdivisions.Results suggest that contribution of June and August rainfall exhibited significant increasing trends, while contribution of July rainfall exhibited decreasing trends. Fig. 11 shows some very interesting results. June rainfall is getting importance as its contribution to annual rainfall is increasing in almost 19 subdivisions while decreasing in the remaining 17 subdivisions. Contribution of July rainfall is decreasing in central and west peninsular India (significantly in South interior Karnataka (95%), East M. P. (90%) Vidarbha (90%), Madhya Maharashtra (90%), Marathwada (90%), Konkan & Goa (90%), and North interior Karnataka (90%)).Interestingly, contribution of August rainfall is increasing in all these subdivisions. Therefore, we see a major shift in rainfall pattern spatially and temperally during the recent years. 7. Trends in sub-divisional rainfall during other seasons Though south-west monsoon is the major rain producing season over the country, other seasons have also significant contribution in some specific areas. The rainfall during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons are mostly predominant by western disturbances and convective activities whereas during northeast monsoon is predominant over southern states during the October-December period.Therefore, trends analysis was also carried out on sub-divisional rainfall series for the winter 7 season (January – February), pre-monso on season (March-May), post-monsoon season (October-December) and also for the annual rainfall. Fig. 12 shows the increase/decrease in mm in 100 year in each of 36 subdivisions for the winter, premonsoon, post-monsoon seasons and annual. Different levels of significance are shaded with different colours. Rainfall is decreasing in almost all the sub-divisions except for the sub-divisions Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand and Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram & Tripura during the winter season.The rainfall for the subdivisions viz. east Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, east Madhya Pradesh where winter rainfall is mostly due to western disturbances is also decreasing significantly. Rainfall is decreasing significantly for the eighteen sub-divisions of the country during the winter season. During the pre-monsoon season, rainfall is decreasing over most parts of the central India. This may indirectly suggests that the convective activity which is the main cause for the rainfall activities during the pre-monsoon season is decreasing over the central parts of the country.Rainfall is decreasing significantly for the six subdivisions viz. Gujarat Region, west M. P. , east M. P. , Vidarbha, Chattisgarh and Jharkhand. However during the post-monsoon season, rainfall is increasing for almost all the sub-divisions except for the nine sub-divisions. It is increasing significantly for the sub-divisions viz. Saurashtra & Kutch, Marathwada and Rayalseema. For the sub-divisions Chattisgarh, Jharkhand and Kerala significant decrease in rainfall is even observed in annual scale.Significant increasing trend is observed in the annual scale for the sub-divisions Konkan & Goa, Madhya Maharashtra, North Interior Karnataka, Rayalseema, coastal Andhra Pradesh, Gangetic West Bengal, Assam & Meghalaya and Jammu & Kashmir. 8. Conclusions There was a need for development of a homogeneous (spatially and temporally) rainfall series for all the 36 meteorological subdivisions as well as for the country as a whole. The newly constructed rainfall series is uniformly distributed through out the country and it represents all the existing districts.Though Indian monsoon rainfall as a whole does not show any significant trend, significant rainfall trends are observed over some specific areas. Present study brings out some of the interesting and also significant changes in the rainfall pattern of the country. The 8 alternating sequence of multi-decadal periods of thirty years having frequent droughts and flood years are observed in the all India monsoon rainfall data. The decades 1961-70, 1971-80 and 1981-90 were dry periods. The first decade (19912000) in the next 30 years period already experienced wet period (Fig. 6).Therefore, there is a chance of wet period for the subsequent two decades viz. 2001-2010 and 2011-2020. Decadal variability is more for the June and September months while decadal variability of July rainfall is almost similar to that of monsoon rainfall. July rainfall is decreasing for most parts of central India while it is decreasing for the north eastern parts of the country. However June and August rainfall is increasing for the central and south western parts of the country. During the southwest monsoon season, three subdivisions viz. Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Kerala show significant decreasing trend and eight subdivisions viz.Gangetic WB, West UP, Jammu & Kashmir , Konkan & Goa , Madhya Maharashtra, Rayalseema , Coastal A P and North Interior Karnataka show significant increasing trends. For the first time, we have also studied contribution of each of major rain producing month’s (i. e. June, July, August and September) in annual rainfall and examine whether there is any significant change in their contribution. June rainfall is getting importance as its contribution to annual rainfall is increasing in almost 19 sub-divisions while decreasing in the remaining 17 subdivisions. Contribution of July rainfall is decreasing in central and west peninsular In dia.But contribution of August rainfall is increasing in all these areas. Significant increasing trend is also observed in the annual rainfall for the sub-divisions Konkan & Goa, Madhya Maharashtra, North Interior Karnataka, Rayalseema, coastal Andhra Pradesh, Gangetic West Bengal, Assam & Meghalaya and Jammu & Kashmir. Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to Dr (Mrs) N. Jayanthi, LACD ADGM(R) and Shri Thakur Prasad, DDGM (C) for providing kind support and encouragements for this research work. We also acknowledge the help provided by the staff of the Hydrology section.Note : Electronic version of the all India monthly rainfall shown in Table – 1 can be obtained from National Climate Centre ([email  protected] pune. gov. in) 9 References Pant, G. B. & Rupa Kumar, K. , 1997, Climates of South Asia. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 320 pp. Parthasarathy B, 1984, Inter-annual and long term variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall’, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Eart h Planet. Sci. ), 93, 371-385. Parthasarathy B, Rupa Kumar K and Munot A 1993 Homogeneous Indian monsoon rainfall: variability and prediction; Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet Science) 102 121-155.Parthasarathy, B. , Munot A and Kothawale D R 1994: All-India monthly and seasonal rainfall series 1887-1993; Theoretical and Applied Climatology 49 217-224. Rupa Kumar, K. , Pant G. B. , Parthasarathy, B. and Sontakke, N. A. 1992, Spatial and sub-seasonal patterns of the long-term trends of Indian summer monsoon rainfall, Int. J. of Climatol. , 12, 257-268. Mooley, D. A. & Parthasarathy, B. , 1984: Fluctuations in All-India summer monsoon rainfall during 1871-1978. Climatic Change, 6, 287-301. World Meteorological Organization, 1983, Guide to Climatological Practices, WMO No 100. 10Table-1 All India monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall Rainfall in mm YEAR 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 JAN 34. 1 11. 4 18. 7 17. 5 24. 9 23. 0 15. 8 22. 2 25. 7 16. 2 41. 1 23. 4 8. 9 6. 4 22. 1 5. 8 9. 6 14. 1 50. 6 24. 9 39. 9 29. 4 26. 0 21. 3 14. 6 29. 4 14. 3 23. 2 28. 0 23. 6 13. 8 10. 0 17. 8 24. 8 30. 0 11. 8 7. 8 30. 8 14. 1 16. 0 25. 7 25. 0 54. 9 28. 5 34. 8 6. 9 23. 2 25. 6 13. 2 30. 2 15. FEB 40. 2 12. 4 14. 0 15. 6 26. 3 49. 2 48. 6 23. 0 21. 4 15. 2 11. 1 23. 7 41. 7 32. 8 42. 1 22. 3 35. 7 7. 1 24. 4 23. 6 10. 8 12. 5 42. 2 25. 7 13. 4 13. 2 34. 2 42. 5 22. 4 22. 2 33. 2 25. 1 32. 9 11. 4 21. 3 41. 5 53. 6 32. 6 33. 4 27. 9 17. 4 45. 1 12. 2 43. 0 10. 8 21. 5 21. 0 29. 0 29. 7 25. 0 15. 3 MAR 29. 6 28. 6 35. 8 38. 5 45. 1 39. 1 46. 7 21. 5 19. 3 22. 5 52. 9 27. 5 31. 0 33. 2 51. 8 17. 8 29. 7 39. 6 27. 6 49. 4 20. 0 18. 4 29. 0 20. 7 20. 9 59. 0 27. 6 25. 6 18. 4 27. 1 22. 2 26. 7 31. 0 22. 2 22. 7 41. 1 24. 6 28. 2 36. 5 45. 1 21. 2 19. 3 26. 7 59. 7 23. 2 26. 0 29. 1 42. 4 24. 4 37. 4 43. 1 APR 41. 9 48. 28. 8 38. 5 39. 5 25. 5 66. 8 38. 2 69. 4 35. 8 32. 4 43. 9 33. 4 50. 6 42. 8 36. 0 43. 2 41. 1 34. 9 36. 8 41. 1 32. 7 32. 4 35. 1 42. 3 42. 9 33. 5 39. 8 50. 4 47. 2 33. 6 32. 6 48. 7 36. 5 46. 9 32. 1 57. 9 31. 1 38. 3 32. 9 30. 7 45. 5 48. 6 37. 6 48. 0 48. 5 35. 4 40. 2 48. 0 26. 9 46. 2 MAY 59. 1 57. 3 66. 3 77. 2 62. 3 45. 6 41. 8 52. 5 59. 9 50. 6 52. 5 49. 7 77. 1 72. 5 62. 0 57. 6 80. 0 89. 4 60. 0 57. 5 40. 1 47. 4 55. 3 59. 7 86. 2 59. 6 54. 5 48. 6 55. 0 59. 8 56. 4 72. 1 98. 8 41. 5 36. 2 79. 4 53. 8 69. 4 39. 4 76. 0 69. 4 56. 1 86. 0 47. 6 50. 4 63. 5 47. 2 75. 2 78. 1 50. 2 58. 4 JUN 129. 4 123. 8 131. 169. 2 112. 1 185. 3 160. 9 135. 7 208. 1 213. 2 196. 8 115. 3 218. 8 166. 9 161. 8 215. 0 221. 3 181. 2 185. 7 151. 4 172. 5 184. 4 98. 6 121. 3 199. 2 95. 1 164. 5 158. 8 179. 0 172. 2 114. 5 125. 0 206. 9 197. 5 141. 9 241. 9 160. 2 245. 5 153. 7 170. 4 162. 2 172. 3 154. 6 138. 1 155. 7 201. 1 124. 0 153. 9 146. 7 142. 7 150. 3 JUL 252. 7 285. 6 298. 9 271. 9 263. 5 290. 7 236. 3 327. 0 314. 9 251. 3 174. 0 329. 3 278. 5 348. 6 232. 9 269. 8 267. 4 160. 9 294. 3 294. 2 274. 6 304. 1 321. 1 315. 0 297. 7 301. 8 333. 6 291. 3 292. 6 289. 1 294. 7 326. 7 275. 7 273. 5 312. 3 276. 2 329. 3 283. 5 262. 5 296. 0 234. 0 339. 305. 5 343. 4 315. 2 297. 4 294. 7 308. 3 298. 9 335. 5 251. 6 AUG 268. 6 209. 8 269. 3 216. 4 211. 3 252. 2 310. 9 308. 5 229. 0 285. 5 214. 6 262. 2 198. 3 239. 8 225. 8 302. 6 287. 3 231. 0 288. 6 177. 9 259. 9 214. 4 272. 2 249. 4 232. 2 326. 6 251. 9 216. 4 240. 9 196. 7 305. 5 227. 8 301. 9 290. 6 228. 1 228. 4 194. 9 239. 6 235. 6 282. 9 223. 4 286. 0 228. 3 288. 4 232. 9 286. 5 287. 4 275. 2 236. 8 235. 6 223. 9 SEP 137. 3 201. 1 195. 3 141. 6 175. 6 182. 5 104. 0 158. 8 165. 9 191. 6 181. 3 128. 8 117. 9 198. 2 175. 8 197. 4 277. 6 105. 2 152. 6 122. 3 193. 5 200. 6 167. 9 232. 9 123. 4 205. 5 152. 6 139. 1 122. 173. 5 186. 3 173. 8 211. 1 164. 4 178. 1 18 5. 4 174. 0 156. 2 150. 3 115. 1 148. 0 180. 4 203. 0 148. 1 210. 6 141. 6 234. 3 176. 5 217. 2 196. 7 130. 5 OCT 59. 5 69. 9 116. 1 73. 7 60. 2 55. 7 31. 8 46. 8 45. 2 111. 8 71. 0 61. 3 69. 6 52. 6 93. 8 140. 4 157. 1 23. 5 77. 1 47. 0 69. 3 56. 5 63. 0 63. 3 72. 2 54. 9 62. 8 115. 3 95. 8 93. 1 121. 7 68. 9 95. 9 62. 2 57. 1 64. 3 94. 5 75. 0 88. 9 62. 4 62. 9 44. 0 90. 5 90. 4 82. 4 79. 6 66. 9 63. 4 93. 2 56. 6 75. 4 NOV 37. 1 29. 3 39. 3 13. 4 12. 9 19. 2 24. 5 8. 9 12. 6 36. 1 43. 8 50. 3 18. 7 22. 3 47. 6 45. 5 27. 4 44. 7 50. 4 26. 5 16. 8 55. 2 17. 7 54. 6 42. 4 11. 8 56. 23. 4 19. 6 47. 7 41. 2 55. 7 21. 3 29. 5 17. 3 56. 2 21. 9 16. 1 29. 7 41. 4 27. 6 18. 2 18. 1 30. 3 21. 2 76. 9 9. 8 70. 0 12. 6 25. 4 31. 7 DEC 14. 0 27. 3 22. 6 19. 7 14. 2 29. 8 16. 6 12. 6 31. 4 9. 5 14. 8 8. 5 25. 1 23. 2 11. 2 5. 8 13. 4 18. 7 22. 5 6. 2 19. 3 16. 5 18. 3 18. 7 18. 4 11. 7 13. 7 29. 1 39. 7 12. 6 23. 8 17. 2 19. 1 14. 7 12. 9 22. 6 21. 0 7. 9 4. 5 18. 0 21. 5 29. 2 8. 5 17. 9 7. 8 39. 4 26. 4 12. 6 5. 7 10. 6 8. 7 J-F 74. 3 23. 8 32. 7 33. 1 51. 2 72. 2 64. 4 45. 2 47. 1 31. 4 52. 2 47. 1 50. 6 39. 2 64. 2 28. 1 45. 3 21. 2 75. 0 48. 5 50. 7 41. 9 68. 2 47. 0 28. 0 42. 6 48. 5 65. 7 50. 4 45. 8 47. 35. 1 50. 7 36. 2 51. 3 53. 3 61. 4 63. 4 47. 5 43. 9 43. 1 70. 1 67. 1 71. 5 45. 6 28. 4 44. 2 54. 6 42. 9 55. 2 31. 2 MAM 130. 6 134. 0 130. 9 154. 2 146. 9 110. 2 155. 3 112. 2 148. 6 108. 9 137. 8 121. 1 141. 5 156. 3 156. 6 111. 4 152. 9 170. 1 122. 5 143. 7 101. 2 98. 5 116. 7 115. 5 149. 4 161. 5 115. 6 114. 0 123. 8 134. 1 112. 2 131. 4 178. 5 100. 2 105. 8 152. 6 136. 3 128. 7 114. 2 154. 0 121. 3 120. 9 161. 3 144. 9 121. 6 138. 0 111. 7 157. 8 150. 5 114. 5 147. 7 J-S 788. 0 820. 3 894. 9 799. 1 762. 5 910. 7 812. 1 930. 0 917. 9 941. 6 766. 7 835. 6 813. 5 953. 5 796. 3 984. 8 1053. 6 678. 3 921. 2 745. 8 900. 903. 5 859. 8 918. 6 852. 5 929. 0 902. 6 805. 6 835. 4 831. 5 901. 0 853. 3 995. 6 926. 0 860. 4 931. 9 858. 4 924. 8 802. 1 864. 4 767. 6 978. 2 891. 4 918. 0 914. 4 926. 6 940. 4 913. 9 899. 6 910. 5 756. 3 O-D 110. 6 126. 5 178. 0 106. 8 87. 3 104. 7 72. 9 68. 3 89. 2 157. 4 129. 6 120. 1 113. 4 98. 1 152. 6 191. 7 197. 9 86. 9 150. 0 79. 7 105. 4 128. 2 99. 0 136. 6 133. 0 78. 4 133. 4 167. 8 155. 1 153. 4 186. 7 141. 8 136. 3 106. 4 87. 3 143. 1 137. 4 99. 0 123. 1 121. 8 112. 0 91. 4 117. 1 138. 6 111. 4 195. 9 103. 1 146. 0 111. 5 92. 6 115. 8 ANNUAL 1103. 5 1104. 6 1236. 5 1093. 2 1047. 9 1197. 8 1104. 7 1155. 1202. 8 1239. 3 1086. 3 1123. 9 1119. 0 1247. 1 1169. 7 1316. 0 1449. 7 956. 5 1268. 7 1017. 7 1157. 8 1172. 1 1143. 7 1217. 7 1162. 9 1211. 5 1200. 1 1153. 1 1164. 7 1164. 8 1246. 9 1161. 6 1361. 1 1168. 8 1104. 8 1280. 9 1193. 5 1215. 9 1086. 9 1184. 1 1044. 0 1260. 6 1236. 9 1273. 0 1193. 0 1288. 9 1199. 4 1272. 3 1204. 5 1172. 8 1051. 0 11 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 198 5 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Mean (1901-2003) S. D.C. V. 11. 0 26. 2 30. 4 23. 5 17. 5 32. 2 15. 1 28. 7 16. 3 24. 9 14. 9 13. 5 13. 2 13. 3 15. 7 12. 9 24. 3 12. 7 23. 2 17. 4 12. 4 15. 0 11. 7 17. 3 12. 7 17. 9 14. 8 20. 0 15. 0 26. 9 25. 9 18. 2 20. 4 23. 0 17. 8 17. 7 11. 0 15. 8 16. 8 14. 6 19. 2 18. 6 23. 9 27. 5 22. 3 16. 2 16. 9 20. 3 22. 0 11. 3 20. 4 15. 5 20. 3 8. 5 41. 8 22. 6 13. 9 36. 6 11. 1 16. 6 18. 8 20. 5 25. 1 9. 2 33. 9 24. 1 16. 2 19. 0 22. 9 23. 8 14. 1 21. 4 16. 4 27. 4 23. 1 25. 3 19. 4 14. 4 21. 3 22. 2 18. 4 28. 6 34. 7 21. 5 20. 3 25. 1 23. 5 31. 8 14. 4 34. 5 20. 4 24. 9 17. 8 42. 5 25. 7 23. 5 26. 9 25. 9 29. 0 22. 8 13. 0 33. 7 13. 6 26. 8 14. 20. 1 30. 9 24. 6 10. 0 40. 4 35. 1 24. 8 27. 9 29. 9 36. 7 41. 3 29. 8 30. 0 39. 7 27. 8 26. 3 38. 7 27. 9 34. 2 24. 8 55. 0 30. 5 26. 9 33. 3 26. 3 24. 8 27. 5 25. 0 32. 5 32. 3 27. 9 40. 7 34. 1 31. 7 45. 3 41. 1 38. 4 31. 0 30. 8 28. 5 29. 0 43. 8 32. 2 49. 5 29. 8 33. 9 40. 0 27. 3 28. 7 36. 5 33. 8 41. 9 18. 2 22. 9 23. 2 28. 5 32. 8 32. 0 9. 2 28. 8 37. 8 42. 4 30. 2 39. 5 37. 4 35. 3 39. 8 34. 1 28. 1 33. 5 47. 3 45. 6 38. 0 41. 6 34. 9 33. 1 37. 0 42. 5 37. 4 49. 0 37. 4 31. 9 35. 8 31. 5 39. 6 58. 3 32. 9 26. 9 38. 8 36. 1 50. 0 49. 7 42. 6 36. 6 48. 5 39. 4 45. 6 34. 4 43. 4 50. 9 32. 5 30. 7 47. 2 34. 5 35. 5 2. 9 41. 7 24. 2 43. 7 44. 2 42. 3 39. 0 39. 8 7. 9 19. 9 69. 9 48. 7 56. 3 77. 4 85. 8 62. 4 66. 9 68. 5 64. 3 73. 2 63. 6 58. 7 53. 6 50. 9 59. 8 48. 5 45. 6 66. 0 66. 1 73. 7 60. 4 61. 3 66. 2 54. 5 50. 4 81. 3 64. 1 56. 9 50. 6 60. 9 63. 3 63. 8 56. 3 54. 2 53. 9 64. 0 68. 3 56. 1 101. 7 73. 5 53. 9 67. 6 50. 9 77. 7 60. 9 51. 0 58. 9 81. 9 69. 9 61. 4 59. 7 55. 7 61. 9 12. 5 20. 2 168. 4 163. 3 148. 6 180. 3 208. 4 152. 3 123. 9 162. 6 152. 0 185. 8 123. 5 148. 8 152. 3 121. 0 169. 1 146. 3 146. 5 131. 8 195. 5 203. 3 137. 1 148. 5 126. 0 176. 1 157. 7 184. 3 187. 2 151. 1 212. 2 158. 9 139. 9 150. 3 164. 3 153. 0 174. 130. 1 159. 9 183. 3 180. 8 181. 8 141. 9 165. 7 199. 8 137. 4 170. 7 166. 7 162. 4 167. 3 178. 1 185. 6 161. 2 167. 8 163. 4 29. 5 18. 1 281. 8 312. 9 297. 7 241. 2 351. 3 288. 9 314. 5 345. 5 290. 6 329. 0 272. 9 254. 4 320. 6 279. 4 253. 1 296. 4 302. 4 305. 2 248. 8 260. 3 226. 3 284. 5 271. 6 295. 3 294. 1 305. 7 291. 4 244. 4 290. 4 303. 6 242. 7 279. 8 282. 1 270. 9 265. 7 237. 6 353. 4 308. 2 279. 0 281. 4 257. 9 314. 1 336. 3 301. 3 277. 0 284. 8 293. 1 274. 8 274. 5 275. 4 163. 9 305. 9 286. 7 35. 3 12. 3 249. 0 286. 0 237. 5 313. 9 259. 6 264. 9 285. 4 255. 5 244. 6 277. 3 257. 6 294. 9 273. 2 210. 1 229. 5 266. 214. 8 260. 6 300. 8 260. 3 234. 1 293. 4 240. 0 284. 8 292. 1 254. 9 277. 9 235. 1 263. 3 239. 3 274. 5 294. 4 260. 7 238. 7 235. 2 237. 1 285. 2 238. 1 292. 7 256. 0 269. 0 209. 8 278. 9 256. 1 283. 4 270. 5 253. 3 251. 0 240. 2 229. 8 244. 0 250. 1 255. 3 30. 6 12. 0 121. 9 169. 8 244. 5 217. 7 169. 0 130. 3 215. 0 219. 1 168. 6 228. 0 207. 0 163. 2 198. 4 145. 5 151. 7 176. 8 144. 3 179. 6 203. 3 159. 2 138. 9 182. 7 155. 8 224. 1 150. 2 152. 2 160. 4 146. 4 144. 8 193. 5 135. 5 224. 4 149. 7 157. 6 142. 0 152. 0 214. 0 170. 2 195. 2 135. 6 169. 2 200. 6 153. 3 183. 8 147. 0 163. 0 195. 5 191. 5 154. 3 138. 3 173. 0 181. 171. 8 32. 8 19. 1 76. 7 88. 5 81. 6 145. 9 149. 7 66. 4 103. 9 118. 6 75. 3 116. 7 80. 8 93. 0 68. 5 45. 3 62. 1 52. 0 73. 2 63. 5 75. 2 95. 5 70. 8 106. 2 101. 1 109. 8 39. 0 88. 7 62. 7 63. 5 56. 3 53. 8 60. 3 85. 1 69. 1 115. 0 72. 0 88. 4 57. 1 54. 2 99. 9 63. 9 69. 0 87. 8 87. 6 76. 3 98. 8 68. 1 102. 1 106. 5 60. 7 95. 0 69. 8 93. 8 78. 4 24. 8 31. 6 9. 4 14. 1 5. 6 28. 4 42. 8 27. 2 35. 4 25. 4 34. 8 22. 9 19. 9 25. 9 26. 4 18. 7 49. 4 14. 8 23. 4 35. 5 20. 0 16. 1 31. 3 17. 8 14. 4 23. 8 53. 5 61. 8 44. 5 71. 8 26. 0 29. 1 43. 9 14. 0 18. 2 20. 9 43. 9 45. 2 17. 9 20. 6 32. 2 33. 7 42. 3 29. 0 26. 8 35. 7 16. 5 56. 38. 9 23. 2 20. 6 26. 7 27. 0 26. 0 30. 7 15. 1 49. 3 24. 5 9. 8 16. 9 12. 9 15. 8 16 . 3 18. 7 11. 6 12. 6 13. 6 31. 5 19. 1 14. 8 25. 4 18. 4 46. 1 14. 6 17. 5 10. 0 18. 1 23. 8 19. 3 11. 9 9. 8 13. 0 15. 1 24. 6 16. 4 23. 4 16. 8 15. 0 24. 1 16. 9 22. 5 25. 9 21. 3 17. 0 18. 1 25. 2 22. 0 7. 6 18. 6 19. 1 10. 6 18. 6 45. 1 12. 5 8. 5 11. 5 11. 8 12. 0 20. 7 17. 9 7. 9 44. 0 33. 6 40. 1 67. 0 34. 6 34. 1 51. 0 35. 6 53. 8 25. 5 58. 8 39. 0 29. 7 32. 2 36. 2 39. 5 27. 0 45. 7 29. 1 50. 6 40. 5 37. 7 34. 4 26. 1 38. 6 34. 9 36. 3 43. 4 54. 7 36. 5 47. 2 51. 0 41. 7 52. 2 37. 4 52. 3 38. 1 35. 9 33. 6 59. 3 40. 3 42. 7 45. 49. 8 56. 5 45. 1 29. 2 50. 6 33. 9 48. 8 25. 4 40. 5 46. 4 44. 9 12. 3 27. 3 142. 8 115. 9 114. 4 146. 8 159. 9 139. 0 136. 5 132. 6 132. 1 134. 5 137. 2 143. 0 119. 5 126. 7 119. 5 136. 6 113. 1 135. 4 136. 8 149. 0 122. 6 120. 7 127. 0 118. 5 122. 3 167. 5 137. 7 117. 9 121. 1 142. 3 154. 4 151. 9 129. 9 121. 6 130. 9 132. 4 157. 7 122. 7 194. 6 154. 2 120. 3 138. 3 125. 4 140. 9 132. 9 127. 7 142. 5 124. 3 136. 5 128. 8 130. 5 127. 5 133. 7 17. 7 13. 2 821. 1 932. 0 928. 3 953. 1 988. 3 836. 4 938. 8 982. 7 855. 8 1020. 1 861. 0 861. 3 944. 5 756. 0 803. 4 885. 8 808. 0 877. 2 948. 4 883. 1 736. 4 909. 1 793. 4 980. 894. 1 897. 1 916. 9 777. 0 910. 7 895. 3 792. 6 948. 9 856. 8 820. 2 817. 0 756. 8 1012. 5 899. 8 947. 7 854. 8 838. 0 890. 2 968. 3 878. 6 878. 1 885. 0 904. 3 884. 6 847. 1 829. 1 742. 2 905. 7 877. 2 71. 0 8. 1 110. 6 112. 4 104. 1 187. 2 208. 3 109. 9 158. 0 155. 6 122. 7 153. 2 132. 2 138. 0 109. 7 89. 4 129. 9 112. 9 111. 2 116. 5 105. 2 129. 7 125. 9 143. 3 127. 4 143. 4 105. 5 165. 6 131. 8 151. 7 105. 7 99. 7 119. 2 123. 2 104. 2 158. 4 141. 8 154. 9 92. 0 92. 9 157. 3 119. 6 118. 9 135. 4 133. 5 122. 6 133. 9 169. 9 153. 5 138. 2 92. 8 133. 5 108. 8 140. 5 126. 9 28. 8 22. 7 1108. 1 1200. 4 1213. 8 1321. 7 1390. 1136. 3 1268. 9 1324. 7 1136. 1 1366. 6 1169. 4 1172. 0 1205. 9 1008. 3 1092. 3 1162. 3 1078. 0 1158. 2 1241. 0 1202. 3 1022. 6 1207. 5 1073. 9 1280. 8 1156. 8 1266. 5 1229. 8 1101. 3 1174. 0 1184. 5 1117. 2 1265. 7 1143. 1 1137. 6 1142. 0 1082. 2 1298. 1 1149. 0 1358. 9 1168. 9 1119. 9 1209. 4 1277. 0 1198. 6 1190. 0 1211. 8 1250. 9 1181. 0 1125. 2 1116. 8 1022. 0 1220. 1 1182. 8 87. 0 7. 4 12 Table-2 Decadal mean (% departure from normal), frequency of drought and flood years Decadal mean DECADE Per cent departure from normal 1901-10 1911-20 1921-30 1931-40 1941-50 1951-60 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90 1991-2000 2001-2003 -2. -2. 5 -0. 4 1. 7 3. 3 2. 5 -0. 1 -0. 8 -0. 3 0. 6 -5. 9 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 0 1 0 3 0 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 0 Freq. of Deficient year Freq. of Excess year 13 Fig. 1 Location of raingauge stations considered for the study 14 Fig. 2. Location of raingauge stations used by IITM (Parthasarathy et al. 1994) 15 R/F IN MM 0. 5 1. 5 2. 5 3. 5 -1 0 1 2 3 -0. 5 -1. 5 1000 1100 -2 500 600 700 800 900 1901 1904 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1916 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 YEAR 1907 1910 1913 1916 1919 1922 1925 928 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 IITM(Parthosarothy Series) series and the new IMD series Fig. 3. Comparison between IITM South-West monsoon seasonal rainfall Fig. 4. The 31 year moving averages of all India south-west monsoon seasonal rainfall 16 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 IMD series 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 PERCENTAGE DEPARTURE -4 0 1 2 3 4 1901 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 PERCENTAGE DEPARTURE 6 8 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1916 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 3 -2 -1 1991-2000 1904 1907 1910 1913 1916 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 1952 1955 YEAR 2001-03 1901-10 -8. 0 31 YEAR MOVING AVERAGE ALL INDIA AUGUST RAINFALL 1981-90 -6. 0 YEAR 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 1971-80 -4. 0 -2. 0 1961-70 1951-60 1941-50 1931-40 192 1-30 1911-20 31 YEAR MOVING AVERAGE ALL INDIA JUNE RAINFAL DECADAL MEANS OF ALL INDIA SUMMER MONSOON RAINFALL (% DEPARTURE FROM MEAN) (June, July, August, September) Fig. 5. 31 year moving average of all India rainfall for the four monsoon months Fig 6.Decadal means of all India summer monsoon rainfall (% departure from mean) 17 -4 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1916 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 YEAR 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 -3 -2 -1 0 PERCENTAGE DEPARTURE PERCENTAG E DEPAR TURE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -3 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1916 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 YEAR 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0. 0 2. 0 4. 0 31 YEAR MOVING AVERAGE ALL INDIA JULY RAINFALL 1 YEAR MOVING AVERAGE ALL INDIA SEPTEMBER RAINFALL June DECADAL MEANS OF ALL INDIA JUNE RAINFALL (% DEPARTURE FROM MEAN) -8. 0 1901-10 1911-20 1911-2 0 1921-30 1921-30 1931-40 1931-40 DECADE -6. 0 -4. 0 -2. 0 0. 0 2. 0 4. 0 6. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 -15. 0 1901-10 July DECADAL MEANS OF ALL INDIA JULY RAINFALL (%DEPARTURE FROM MEAN) -10. 0 -5. 0 0. 0 5. 0 10. 0 1941-50 1941-50 Decade DECADE 1951-60 1951-60 1961-70 1961-70 1971-80 1971-80 1981-90 1981-90 1991-2000 1991-2000 2001-03 2001-03 August DECADAL MEANS OF ALL INDIA AUGUST RAINFALL (% DEPARTURER FROM MEAN) -8. 1901-10 -6. 0 -4. 0 -2. 0 0. 0 2. 0 4. 0 6. 0 -10. 0 1901-10 -5. 0 0. 0 Septermber DECADAL MEANS OF ALL INDIA SEPTEMBER RAINFALL (%DEPARTURE FROM MEAN) 5. 0 10. 0 15. 0 20. 0 1911-20 1911-20 1921-30 1921-30 1931-40 DECADE 1931-40 1941-50 1941-50 1951-60 1951-60 1961-70 1961-70 1971-80 1971-80 1981-90 1981-90 1991-2000 1991-2000 2001-03 2001-03 Fig. 7. Decadal means of all India rainfall (% departure from mean) for the month of June, July, August and September 25. 0 20. 0 15. 0 10. 0 5. 0 0. 0 -5. 0 -10. 0 -15. 0 ALL INDIA MONSOON R. F -20. 0 -25. 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1 916 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 Nine point gaussian filter PERCENTAGE DEPARTURE YEAR Fig. 8. All India Monsoon rainfall and its nine point Gaussian filter 18 Fig. 9. Increase/Decrease in rainfall in mm in 100 year for each of 36 subdivisions for the monsoon months. Different levels of significance are shaded with colors 19 Fig. 10. Increase/Decrease in rainfall in mm in 100 year for each of 36 subdivisions for the south-west monsoon season.Different levels of significance are shaded with colors 20 Fig. 11. Increase/Decrease in rainfall in percentage in 100 years in monthly contribution of rainfall to annual rainfall for each of the four monsoon months for 36 subdivisions 21 Fig. 12. Increase/Decrease in rainfall in mm in 100 year in each of 36 subdivisions for the winter, pre-monsoon, post-monsoon seasons and annual. Different levels of significance are shaded with co lors 22 N C C RESEARCH REPORTS New statistical models for long range forecasting of southwest monsoon rainfall over India, M. Rajeevan, D. S. Pai and Anil Kumar Rohilla, Sept. 2005. 23

Developing and assessing employees Essay

â€Å"Success in a business requires discipline, training and hard work. But if you aren’t frightened by these things, opportunities are just as great today as they were.† David Rockefeller (US banker, 1915-present) As a human resource manager in an Interior Designing Company, Venture Interiors, I will be tackling training and development, and performance management in the company. Before I go any further, let me explain what I mean by training and employee development. Training is the acquisition of a body of knowledge and skills, which can be applied to a particular job. In Venture Interiors, employees have the basic interior designing skills, however due to technological development, employees constantly require new and higher levels of skills. In the past, we used to sit down with a paper and pen to draw up our designs, beginning with sketches to the final piece of work, this was not simple and took days because it required a lot of calculations and erasing and sometimes a simple blunder like a miscalculation, would mean starting all over again, I mean work that has taken you days to complete, you can imagine how tiring and frustrating and time consuming this is. But thanks to Computer Aided Designing Programs such as AutoCAD, designing is much easier, accurate and faster, you as the designer need only to come up with the ideas, and the rest of the work like drawing, editing, calculations, adjustments and even suggestions are done by the computer and this concept extends beyond designing into other areas such as digital advertisements, use of business software, on-line training etc. However the employees need to be trained how to use these programs and these programs also keep updating, for example at the moment AutoCAD 2004 is on the market and if the company wants to upgrade, we will need to train our employees. It is therefore very essential for the efficiency and the competitiveness of our business to update our employees’ skills by drawing out training programs and employee development according to each employee’s potential. Read more:  Employee Training and Development Articles Employee development refers to a course of action designed to enable the individual to realise his or her potential for growth in the organisation; in other words we are not training employees for now, but for the future. For example, recently I promoted some employees in an internal recruitment scheme; these employees had undergone sufficient training for their prospective jobs over the last period of years they had served this company thus making them eligible for the new job positions. In order to develop an effective training program, it is vital for the human resource planner to draw up a need analysis, that is, what aims and objectives the organisation is trying to achieve from these programs, and what specific knowledge, skills and attitudes employees need to acquire in order to achieve these objectives, which skills are hot in the marketplace and identify which training route would be the best to achieve these objectives. For example, if I would like a staff member to develop his painting skills, I am not going to send him off for an IT course, I must choose a suitable training course like airless and conventional spray painting and decorative training. There are various types of training, which are broadly categorised into two; off the job training and on the job training. Off the job training is the kind of training where employees attain external courses. Members of staff are sent off elsewhere to receive training for days or even months. These could be commercial training courses or seminars. In Venture Interiors, we try to limit external courses to the staff members with the most potential because they are usually very expensive. Depending on the course, the overall cost could prove quite expensive for example; many courses may require an overnight stay at a hotel if the course is outside the area or the course itself may prove to be expensive due to the level of expertise or equipment needed to deliver the course. Sending employees to a training programme for one, two or even more days sometimes leads to shortage of labour, especially in the peak seasons causing loss of production within the company. On the other hand, off the job training is beneficial to the company in that external courses are sources of the latest information, current trends, skills and techniques for example current computer software or computerised technologies, decorative and photography skills, innovative administrative procedures etc. These new skills are brought back and utilised within the company. Employees sent to a course feel more valued as they realize that they are receiving quality training thus motivating them. ‘On the job’ training is the kind of training whereby members of staff acquire internal courses at their places of work. Employees are trained by experienced members of staff or external trainers; some companies such as ours, have even gone ahead to hire professional trainers. We decided on hiring professional trainers because we believe teaching or training is a specialisation in itself, so unless the person training has the skills and knowledge to train, this would mean that the training would not be done to a sufficient standard. According to the annual report by the Adult Learning Inspectorate (ALI) in England, as much as 60% of on the job training available is inadequate. We interviewed our trainees and one of the profound reasons turned out to be that some employees are distracted by the pressures at work making it difficult for them to focus on their training. However, on the job training has turned out to be cost effective and productive, as the employees are still working as they are learning; the company also does not have to cover costs such as accommodation in hotels. As training progresses, employees begin to feel more confident, this confidence allows them to work at higher standards and be more productive. Induction is an example of on the job training whereby employers try to make new staff feel welcome, ensuring that they understand the work and the vision of the organisation, where and who they will be working with and for, and the various operations of the organisation. In the course of their employment, staff members are exposed to various kinds of training and development in order to update their skills and develop their potential. These forms of training and development include seminars, workshops, job rotation and enrichment, coaching, encouraging employees to go for advanced qualifications and so on and so forth. As a company, we need to evaluate the effectiveness of these training programs to ensure that these programs have been beneficial not only to the employees but to Venture Interiors as a company. This is quite a task because training courses do not have a system of assessment or standardisation, which can guarantee learning, has been achieved to a specific standard. However, right from the beginning we had specific aims we were trying to achieve, for example some staff members needed painting and decorating skills, have these skills been improved, how has it affected their job performance, has it affected their attitudes positively, has it given them more self confidence and motivation, what do they think about the training they received, do they think they have benefited from it? Usage of tests could also be very helpful in the evaluation. The information acquired from this evaluation is very useful to the human resource manager as it could be of help in providing ideas of how to increase the effectiveness of current or later training and development activities. Nowadays it is also essential to carryout appraisals regularly in the company. Before I go any further, what are appraisals? Appraisals are sessions held between the employers and the employees to ensure they are on the right track at work and are clear on what they need to do going forward. In Venture Interiors, appraisals are carried out every four months. The employees are appraised by their fellow colleagues, supervisors, managers and clients. The appraiser sits down with the appraisee, and exchange their opinions. The appraiser makes sure they highlight the successes as well as the areas of improvement, praise the employee where it is necessary, where there is need for training and development propose something. Appraisals are not only beneficial to the company but to the employee too. The employee maybe motivated and this will benefit the company in the long run. Motivation is a very important aspect. Job satisfaction is often a strong motivator in work performance, as satisfied employees will go the extra mile and this is what our company needs. Rewards such as salaries apart, there are other ways of helping employees feel satisfied by their jobs. Venture Interiors is an interior designing company, therefore we are employing designers and artists, artists love creativity, and in order to motivate them, we encourage our employees to be creative in their work and prevent boredom, rotate tasks so that their work is challenging, appreciate ideas and suggestions the employees and even reward them for the initiatives. This way we have been able to motivate our staff and this has not only benefited them but venture Interiors as a company.